Taken together, these factors have created grievances and opportunities for violence that have changed the nature of security threats in Africa.Īfrican and international responses to these security challenges have been hampered by a predominant focus on dealing with ongoing violent conflicts rather than on their prevention and, even more so, post-conflict peacebuilding. These changes have been driven by (a), most notably, substantial but highly unequal economic growth in many African countries, (b) (incomplete) democratisation which is often coupled with weak state capacity and bad governance, and (c) various demographic factors, such as strong population growth, rapid urbanisation, and an increasing share of economically and socially deprived youth. Conflicts with strong regional and international involvement have increased. Decentralised forms of violence like terrorism, urban riots, and small insurgencies in state peripheries have been on the rise. Insecurity is increasingly driven by the reoccurrence of conflicts in some countries rather than by the emergence of “new” ones. This requires new regional and international responses to strengthening the security of African citizens. Simultaneously, however, the nature of security threats has substantially changed. ![]() The African continent has made great strides in reducing the number of violent conflicts since the end of the Cold War.
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